Nearly 1 in 4 white Southern men died. 260,000 to 300,000. The Confederacy was not only a slaveholders’ republic; it was a racial state sustained by mostly those who owned little but their whiteness. When the war ended, that grammar did not disappear. It reorganized—into law, violence, and resistance—long after the uniforms were gone.
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Image: A group of Confederates pose in Richmond, Va., before the Battle of First Bull Run (Manassas) in July 1861. Time/Granger Collection
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